Laboratory Exercise VI                                  

Necturus maculosus- the mudpuppy

External morphology: all structures in boldface

Integumentary system (frog skin x.s.):

epidermis, dermis, *basement membrane, *stratum germinativum, *stratum corneum, *mucous glands, *poison glands, *chromatophores

Skeletal system:

Axial division:

Skull:

Chondrocranium: *chondrocranium, *occipital condyles, ethmoid plate (see below)

Dermal bones: premaxillae, frontals, squamosal, parasphenoid, vomers, pterygoids

Splanchnocranium:

Mandible (I): *mandible, dentary, *angular

Hyoid apparatus:

Hyoid arch (II): hyoid arch

Arches (III- V): ceratobranchials (no need for specific identifications), epibranchials (no need for specific identifications)

Vertebral column:

Vertebral regions:

Cervical: *atlas

Trunk: trunk vertebrae, centrum, *neural arch, neural spine, *prezygaphophyyses, *postzygapophyses, transerve process

Sacral: sacral vertebra

Caudal: caudal vertebrae

NOTE: you should be able to differentiate by sight single cervical, trunk and the more posterior caudal vertebrae

Ribs: ribs

Sternum:

Appendicular division:

Pectoral girdle and forelimb:

Pectoral girdle: coracoid, scapula, *glenoid fossa

Forelimb: brachium, antebrachium, manus, humerus, radium, ulna, carpus, digits, metacarpals, phalanges

Pelvic girdle and hindlimb:

Pelvic girdle: *acetabulum, pubis, ischia, *ilia

Hindlimb: thigh, shank, pes, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsus, digits, metatarsals, phalanges

Muscular system:

Axial muscles:

Trunk muscles: myomeres, myosepta, linea alba, horizontal septum

Epaxial muscles: *dorsalis trunci

Hypaxial muscles: *rectus abdominis, *external oblique, *internal oblique, *transversus abdominis

Dorsal and lateral muscles of the head: *adductor mandibulae anterior, *adductor mandibulae externus, *depressor mandibulae, *branchiohyoideus, *lavatores arcuum, *dilatator laryngis

Ventral muscles of the throat: *intermandibularis, *interhyoideus, *sphincter colli, *geniohyoideus, *genioglossus, *rectus cervicis

Ventral pectoral muscles: *omoarcual, *procoracohumeralis, *suprecoracoideus, *pectoralis

Dorsal/lateral/medial pectoral muscles: *pectoriscapularis, *cucullaris, *dorsalis scapulae, *latissimus dorsi, *thoracoscapularis, *levator scapulae

Muscles of the forelimb: *triceps brachii, *coracobrachialis, *humeroantebrachialis, *forearm extensors, *forearm flexors

Muscles of the pelvic girdle and hindlimb: *puboischiofemoralis externus, *puboischiotibialis, *puboischiofemoralis internus, *pubotibialis, *iliotibialis, *ilioextensorius (hard to distinguish from iliotibialis), *hindlimb flexors, *hindlimb extensors

* Know function (use laboratory text as a guide).  For muscles, a complete “function” would include approximate origin and insertion and function (using appropriate anatomical terminology).