Ibn al-Khatib (1313 – 1374/5)
Roger Bacon (1220-1292)
Girolamo Fracastoro (1483-1553)
Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
Spontaneous Generation
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
Francesco Redi (1626-1697)
maggots
Louis Joblot (1645-1723)
hay infusion
infusoria
sterilization
John Needham (1713-1781)
Lazaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)
Antoine Lavosier (1743-1794)
Joseph Priestly (1733-1804)
Franz Schulze (1815-1873)
Theodore Schwann (1810-1882)
Georg Friedrich Schroder (1810-1885)
& Theodor von Dusch (1824-1890)
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Goose-necked flasks
Swan-necked flasks
pasteurization
normal flora
spores
John Tyndall (1820-1893)
Tyndallization
anthrax
carbuncles
rabies
Joseph Meister
pebrine
Medical Microbiology
Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
aseptic surgery
phenol
carbolic acid
William Stewart Halsted (1852-1922)
cocaine
morphine
Caroline Hampton
childbed fever
Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-1865)
chlorinated lime
Robert Koch (1843-1910)
“Germany’s Pasteur”
solid media
agar
Fannie Eishemius Hesse (1850-1934)
fix bacteria
acid-fast stain
tuberculosis
Koch’s Postulates
Rules for the Proof of Pathogenicity
1. infectious disease
deficiency disease
functional disease
2. etiology
diseased suscept
pure culture
obligate parasites
1. guilt by association
2. transmissible
3. vector
4. mechanically transmissible
deductive reasoning
inductive reasonsing
immunology
antigen
vaccine
antibodies
immunization
vaccination
Edward Jenner (1749-1823)
Benjamin Jesty
smallpox
cowpox
vaccine
“vacca”
cow
Jonas Salk (1914-1995)
attenuated
formaldehyde and heat
Albert Sabin 1962
non-paralytic
chemotherapy
“magic bullet”
Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915)
sulfur
arsenic
salvarsan 1909
syphilis
“compound 606”
“compound 914”
neosalvarsan
Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)
penicillin 1928
Penicillium chrysogenum
Northern Regional Research Laboratory
submerged fermentation
February 1944 18.7
June 1945 647
Orville May (? – 1981)
John C. Sheehan (1915- )
Industrial Microbiology
Leopold Adametz (1861-1941)
Emil Hansen (1842-1909)
Pure Science
Biochemistry
Sergei Winogradsky (1856-1953)
fix molecular nitrogen
Clostridium pasteurianum
anaerobic
Martinus Beijerinck (1851-1931)
Azotobacter sp.
aerobic
Fritz Lipmann (1899-1986)
& Hans Krebs (1900-1981)
Citric Acid Cycle
Genetics
Edward L. Tatum,
George Beadle and
Joshua Lederberg 1940’s
Neurospora crassa
Severo Ocohoa &
Arthur Kornberg 1950’s – 60’s
Escherichia coli
Tissue Culture
Ross Harrison (1870-1959)
Alexis Carrel (1873-1955)
Roger Gautheret (1910- )
F. C. Steward (1904 – 1993)
Technology
Anonymous Entomologist
Zacharias Jansen (1580-1638?)
Carl Weigert (1845-1904)
methyl violet
Microscopes
A. brightfield
B. darkfield
C. fluorescence
D. phase contrast
refractive index
electron microscope
Max Knoll (1897-1988)
and Ernst Ruska (1906-1988)
A. transmission
B. scanning