LECTURE TWENTY-THREE

AUXINS WERE THE FIRST PLANT HORMONES TO
BE DISCOVERED

THE MOST COMMON NATURALLY OCCURRING AUXIN
IS INDOLE ACETIC ACID (IAA)

AUXINS MAKE THE CELL WALL MORE PLASTIC



GIBBERELLINS WERE DISCOVERED BY KUROSAWA
IN RICE PLANTS SHOWING BAKANAE (FOOLISH
SEEDLING DISEASE)

GIBBERELLINS ARE THE MOST CHEMICALLY
COMPLEX OF ALL PLANT HORMONES




CYTOKININS WERE DISCOVERED WITH TISSUE
CULTURES AND WERE INITIALLY ISOLATED
FROM COCONUT MILK

THE NAME "CYTOKININ" IS DERIVED FROM
"CYTOKINESIS", THE TECHNICAL NAME FOR
CELL DIVISION




THE DROPPING OF LEAVES OR FRUIT IS CALLED
ABSCISSION, A PROCESS THAT IS ACCELERATED
BY ABSCISIC ACID

ABSCISIC ACID ALSO HELPS TO MAINTAIN
DORMANCY IN PLANTS, AND WAS CALLED DORMIN




ETHYLENE IS A SELF-ACCELERATOR OF FRUIT RIPENING



PHOTOPERIODISM




SHORT-DAY PLANTS REQUIRE EXPOSURE TO A
LIGHT PERIOD THAT IS SHORTER THAN A
CERTAIN CRITICAL LENGTH
LONG-DAY PLANTS REQUIRE EXPOSURE TO A
LIGHT PERIOD THAT IS LONGER THAN A
CERTAIN CRITICAL LENGTH
DAY NEUTRAL PLANTS ARE NOT AFFECTED
BY THE LENGTH OF THE LIGHT PERIOD



SHORT-DAY: POINSETTIA, STRAWBERRY,
    CHRYSANTHEMUM
LONG-DAY: SPINACH, POTATO, LETTUCE
DAY NEUTRAL: CARNATION, COTTON, TOMATO



SHORT-DAY PLANTS ARE LONG NIGHT PLANTS
LONG-DAY PLANTS ARE SHORT NIGHT PLANTS

THE PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF PHOTOPERIODISM
IS PHYTOCHROME



BEHAVIOR IS SPECIFIC COORDINATED SEQUENCES
OF NEUROMUSCULAR ACTIVITY



MANY STIMULI ARE EXTERNAL

HUMANS AND PRIMATES HAVE A WELL DEVELOPED
SENSE OF VISION
OTHER MAMMALS RELY ON THEIR SENSE OF SMELL
THE SENSE OF HEARING IS MORE EVENLY DEVELOPED
IN ALL MAMMALS

MANY STIMULI ARE INTERNAL



TWO GENERAL WAYS OF STUDYING BEHAVIOR:
EXPERIMENTAL AND ETHOLOGY



ETHOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF THE WHOLE RANGE
OF ANIMAL BEHVAIOR UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS;
THE STUDY OF "THE ANIMAL IN ITS WORLD"



EACH ANIMAL SHOWS BASELINE BEHAVIOR



EACH ANIMAL HAS A BEHAVIORAL REPERTOIRE
WHICH IS A SET OF BEHAVIOR PATTERNS THAT
IT WILL PERFORM CONSISTENTLY



FEEDING BEHAVIOR IS RELATED TO FINDING
AND CONSUMING FOOD



PREDATORY BEHAVIOR CONCERNS THE PREDATOR-
PREY RELATIONSHIP




ORIENTATION BEHAVIOR ESTABLISHES AN
ANIMAL'S FAMILIARITY WITH ITS SURROUNDINGS

A HOME RANGE IS AN AREA OF DAILY MOVEMENT
A TERRITORY IS AN AREA THAT AN ANIMAL WILL
DEFEND



AGGRESSION IS BEHAVIOR ASSOCIATED WITH
COMPETITION FOR FOOD, SPACE, OR MATING
PARTNERS

AGGRESSION IS NOT THE SAME AS FIGHTING
AGGRESSION IS RITUALIZED
AGGRESSION OFTEN TAKES THE FORM OF A DISPLAY



SOCIAL BEHAVIOR PATTERNS INVOLVE THE BEHAVIOR
OF GROUPS OF ANIMALS AND ARE OF VALUE TO THE INTERACTING GROUP




A DOMINANCE HIERARCHY IS A RANKING OF THE
MEMBERS OF THE GROUP

A DOMINANCE HIERARCHY MAY BE EXPRESSED IN
LEADERSHIP OR IN A PECKING ORDER



COMMUNICATION BEHAVIOR TRANSFERS INFORMATION



COURTSHIP AND MATING BEHAVIOR IS ASSOCIATED
WITH REPRODUCTION AND IS DIRECTED TOWARD
DECREASING AGGRESSION AND ESTABLISHING
SPECIES AND SEXUAL IDENTIFICATION



PARENTAL CARE BEHAVIOR CONCERNS THE CARE
AND FEEDING OF YOUNG BY THE PARENTS




MOTIVATION IS A MEASURE OF HOW STRONGLY
DIRECTED THE BEHAVIOR IS TOWARD THE
SPECIFIC GOAL



THE RETICULAR FORMATION AND HYPOTHALAMUS
ARE THE NEUROLOGICAL BASIS FOR MOTIVATION
IN HIGHER ANIMALS

MOTIVATION CAN RESULT IN APPETITIVE BEHAVIOR

THE RELEASER DIRECTS THE BEHAVIOR TOWARD A
SPECIFIC GOAL

THE ANIMAL WILL THEN SHOW CONSUMMATORY ACTS