LECTURE TWENTY-FIVE

TYPES OF LEARNING:

1. HABITUATION OCCURS WHEN A STIMULUS LOSES
ITS RESPONSE VALUE




2. A CONDITIONED RESPONSE OR CLASSIC
CONDITIONING OCCURS WHEN ONE STIMULUS IS
REPLACED BY ANOTHER

PAVLOV AND HIS DOG




3. OPERANT CONDITIONING IS BASED ON REWARD
OR PUNISHMENT FOR A PARTICULAR ACTIVITY

SKINNER BOX




4. TRIAL AND ERROR LEARNING IS THE ETHOLOGICAL EQUIVALENT OF OPERANT CONDITIONING




5. INSIGHT LEARNING IS THE ABILITY TO COMBINE
ISOLATED EXPERIENCES TO FORM A NEW BEHAVIOR
WHICH IS ORIENTED TOWARD A SPECIFIC GOAL




6. IMPRINTING OCCURS WHEN A NEWLY HATCHED OR
NEWLY BORN ANIMAL ATTACHES ITSELF TO THE
FIRST THING THAT IT ENCOUNTERS




A LEARNING RECORD IS CALLED A MEMORY TRACE
OR ENGRAM




ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
CAUSES VERY VIVID AND DETAILED RECOLLECTIONS
(WORK OF WILDER PENFIELD)




THE AMOUNT OF MEMORY LOST DEPENDS ON THE
AMOUNT OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX THAT IS
REMOVED BUT NOT ON WHAT SPECIFIC PART IS
REMOVED (WORK OF KARL LASHLEY)

REVERBERATING CIRCUITS



WORN PATH OR SYNCHRONIZED NERVE FIRING THEORY




PROTEIN SYNTHESIS OR MODIFICATION



RNA SYNTHESIS (WORK OF JAMES V. McCONNELL)

THE BIOSPHERE IS THE REGION OF THE EARTH THAT
IS INHABITED BY ORGANISMS; THE TOTALITY OF
PLACES WHERE ORGANISMS LIVE; A THIN LAYER
EXTENDING FROM THE SOIL INTO THE AIR

THE BIOSPHERE IS DIVIDED INTO SMALLER
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL SUBUNITS
CALLED ECOSYSTEMS




THE CONCEPT OF ECOSYSTEM IS DEFINED BY:
1. THE INTERACTION OF ORGANISMS WITH THE
NON-LIVING ENVIRONMENT
2. INDEPENDENT
3. PERMANENT
4. SHOW CYCLING

SIZE IS NOT A DEFINING FACTOR FOR ECOSYSTEMS




THE SUPPORTING MEDIUM IS A DISTINGUISHING
FEATURE OF ECOSYSTEMS:
SOIL OCCURS IN TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS
SALT WATER OCCURS IN MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
FRESHWATER IN LIMNOLOGICAL ECOSYSTEMS




OXYGEN IS A MAJOR NON-LIVING COMPONENT

OXYGEN LEVELS ARE LOW AT THE BOTTOM OF A BODY
OF WATER, AND HIGHER AT THE TOP
HOT WATER HOLDS LESS OXYGEN THAN COLD WATER

STRICT AEROBIC ORGANISMS REQUIRE OXYGEN
STRICT ANAEROBIC ORGANISMS DIE IN OXYGEN
FACULTATIVE AEROBIC ORGANISMS SURVIVE WITH
OR WITHOUT OXYGEN



TEMPERATURE IS IMPORTANT TO ORGANISMS ALSO
THERMOPHILS LIVE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES
PSYCHROPHILS LIVE AT LOW TEMPERATURES
MESOPHILS LIVE AT MID-RANGE TEMPERATURES




THE NON-LIVING ASPECTS ARE LIMITING FACTORS

THE LIMIT CAN BE ABSOLUTE OR RELATIVE



ALL OF THE ORGANISMS IN AN ECOSYSTEM MAKE UP
THE COMMUNITY OF THE ECOSYSTEM

A COMMUNITY IS MADE UP OF POPULATIONS

A POPULATION IS A GROUP OF ORGANISMS OF THE
SAME SPECIES THAT ARE LIVING AND BREEDING
TOGETHER

POPULATIONS INCREASE EXPONENTIALLY, NOT
ADDITIVELY

POPULATIONS DO NOT INCREASE INDEFINITELY BUT
REACH THE CARRYING CAPACITY FOR THE ECOSYSTEM AND
THEN LEVEL OFF




TROPHIC RELATIONSHIPS ARE FOOD OR NOURISHMENT RELATIONSHIPS IN THE COMMUNITY

A FOOD CHAIN IS THE TRANSFER OF FOOD ENERGY
THROUGH A SERIES OF ORGANISMS WITH REPEATED
EATING AND BEING EATEN



PRODUCER ORGANISMS ARE ALWAYS GREEN PLANTS
PRIMARY CONSUMERS ARE ALWAYS HERBIVORES
SECONDARY CONSUMERS ARE ALWAYS CARNIVORES
HIGHER LEVEL CONSUMERS ARE ALSO CARNIVORES



80% TO 90% OF FOOD ENERGY IS LOST AS HEAT
WHEN IT PASSES FROM ONE LEVEL TO ANOTHER




BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION IS THE INCREASE IN
THE CONCENTRATION OF MATERIALS AS THEY PASS
FROM ONE LEVEL OF A FOOD CHAIN TO ANOTHER




INDIVIDUAL FOOD CHAINS ARE INTERLINKED TO
FORM FOOD WEBS