FIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
   1. METABOLISM
   2. GROWTH           INTUSSUSCEPTION
   3. IRRITABILITY
   4. REPRODUCTION
   5. ORGANIZATION

COLLECTIVE PROPERTIES:
     TOTAL = SUM OF PARTS
EMERGENT PROPERTIES:
     TOTAL > SUM OF PARTS

VERTEBRATE ANIMALS ARE A SUBPHYLUM
IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM




ELEVEN VERTEBRATE ORGAN SYSTEMS
- PROTECTION, SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT
      1. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
      2. SKELETAL SYSTEM
      3. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
- OBTAINING AND METABOLIZING NUTRIENTS
      4. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
      5. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS IN THE BODY
      6. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 
- REMOVING WASTES, TRANSPORTING GAMETES, 
  CONTINUATION OF THE SPECIES 
      7. EXCRETORY SYSTEM 
      8. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
            <UROGENITAL SYSTEM>   
- COORDINATION AND CONTROL OF BODY  
      9. NERVOUS SYSTEM
     10. SPECIAL SENSE ORGANS (VISION,
         HEARING, SMELL, TASTE)  
     11. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

INTEGUMENT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR SKIN

A TRUE SKIN IS CHARACTERISTIC OF ANIMALS
ONLY

NOT ALL ANIMALS HAVE A SKIN, ESPECIALLY
PROTOZOA 
1. SOME ARE NAKED CELLS, WITH THE CELL
    MEMBRANE DIRECTLY CONTACTING THE
    ENVIRONMENT 
2. OTHERS HAVE AN OUTER COVERING THAT
    IS NOT A TRUE SKIN 
       A. PELLICLE ON PARAMECIUM AND EUGLENA
       B. SHELL ON FORAMINIFERA, MADE OF
          CALCIUM AND SILICON SALTS

A TRUE SKIN IS FOUND ONLY ON MULTICELLULAR
ANIMALS,AND ALL MULTICELLULAR ANIMALS HAVE
A SKIN OF SOME TYPE

FUNCTIONS OF SKIN:
1. PROTECTION AGAINST MECHANICAL INJURY
     AND CHEMICAL INJURY 
2. BARRIER AGAINST INFECTION  
3. OSMOTIC REGULATOR      
        A. PREVENTS WATER LOSS ON LAND AND
           IN SALT WATER
        B. PREVENTS WATER UPTAKE IN FRESH
           WATER
4. SUNSHADE
5. EXCRETION
6. SENSATION
7. GAS EXCHANGE
8. THERMOSTATIC REGULATOR
        A. POIKILOTHERMIC ANIMALS CANNOT
           CONTROL THIER BODY TEMPERATURE
           "COLD BLOODED"
        B. HOMEOTHERMIC ANIMALS CAN
           CONTROL THEIR BODY TEMPERATURE
           "WARM BLOODED"
   THE SKIN IS A RADIATOR FOR HOMEOTHERMIC ANIMALS,
   BLOOD VESSELS ARE LIKE STEAM LINES, AND THE
   HYPOTHALAMUS IS THE THERMOSTAT